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16th
(Service)
Battalion,
the Rifle Brigade
War
diary 13/14th February 1917
covering a raid carried out by the battalion near Potijze in the Ypres
salient
This
is the story of a costly failed trench raid. Planned in meticulous
detail, it was foiled by a combination of battlefield confusion,
inability to communicate, enemy wire that was not as cut as it
should have been (and in places had been hurriedly repaired),
and unexpectedly strong German resistance. It was designed to
destroy the enemy position at the "Mound", a strong point in
the forward line overlooking the British front line. |
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| The
area where this raid took place lies along the Ypres - Potijze
- Zonnebeke - Moorslede road, near the hamlet of Verlorenhoek.
The French military cemetery of St Charles de Potijze lies on
the site of New Cotts, seen to the left of the blue box marking
the area discussed below. |
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| Secret |
| Scheme
for raid on the Mound |
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| Sketch
map |
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| 1.
Distribution of raiding force. |
| See
diagrams A and B. (Unfortunately now lost: there were three
parties, to left, centre and right). |
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| 2.
Assembly. |
See diagrams B and C.
Positions of assembly will be marked by black or white tapes
for first, second and third lines. The first tape will be
raised on pickets about four inches from the ground, the
second and third hair- pinned down to the ground.
Tapes will be put out at 6pm on Z
Day. Party: 2 officers,
2 NCOs, and 4 men. On the previous night the right, centre
and
left of the leading waves will be marked by 3’0” pickets
laid on the ground.
Eleven gaps 12'0" wide will be cut in our wire, and marked
by boards inside our parapet. These will be prepared at on
Y/Z
nights,
and closed at the outer end with concertinas. At each gap
a 12'0" sandbag ramp will be constructed to admit
of egress. These will be built on Y day, and sandbags put
ready filled on previous days.
From each gap a tape will be laid up to the first line assembly
position on Z night. On Y/Z nights any ditches that have to
be crossed will be duckboarded and camouflaged with earth in
at least six places to every 50 yards of length.
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| 3. Patrols. |
| No
man's land will be reconnitred on nights of the 1st, 2nd,
3rd and 4th February. |
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| 4. Action of machine-guns. |
The
area shown in sketch will be beaten with machine-gun fire
from zero till withdrawal is
complete. The signal to ceasefire will be the cessation
of the artillery barrage on German front line.
Group 1 - 4 guns - Railway I.17.a.2.9.5. Targets: Ibex Support,
Iberia Reserve.
Group 2 - 4 guns - St. James Trench. Targets: Ibex Lane and
Ibex Support.
Group 3 - 4 guns - Congreve Walk. Targets: Cameroon Trench,
Support and Avenue.
Group 4 -3 guns - Garden Street. Targets: Cameroon Trench,
Support and Reserve, and Iberia Avenue.
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| 5. Action
of light trench mortars. |
Object of the battery is to support
infantry raiding party by providing heavy barrage on both flanks.
With this object in view eight Stokes mortars will be deployed,
four on either flank. Dispositions as follows.
2 mortars – C.29.1, C.29.2;
2 mortars – C.29.3.5;
2 mortars – I.5.4;
2 mortars – I.5.2.
The placing of the mortars in pairs will facilitate handling.
Objectives
of each Mortar are as follows:
No 1 – I.6.c.0.9 to I.6.c.2.7.5
No 2 – I.6.c.2.9.75 to I.6.c.3.7
No 3 – I.6.a.0.5.2.25 to I.6.c.2.9
No 4 – I.5.b.9.2 to I.5.d.9.75.8
No 5 – C.29.d.7.2 to C.29.d.6.4.5
No 6 – C.29.d.6.4.5. to C.29.d.4.7
No 7 – C.29.d.4.1 to C.29.d.4.3.75
No 8 – C.29.d.4.3.75 to C.29.d.4.7
Rate of fire. The mortars will fore for 65 minutes and a steady
rate will be maintained throughout. These ought to act as a
guide to the raiding party. Four rounds per a gun per minute
= 2080 or 260 rounds per gun.
Emplacements. On the left the disused firebays will be utilised.
On the right there is an absence of any suitable cover, and
sandbagged emplacements will have to be constructed to protect
guns, teams, and ammunition.
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| 6. Flank
protection. |
| OC, 16th Notts
and Derby Regiment,
will detail one platoon with Lewis Gun to cover the right flank.
Two groups will be pushed out to the saps at I.5.b.5.5.1 and
I.5.b.4.5.2.5. Brigadier-General, commanding 118th Infantry
Brigade, will be asked to cover left flank with a similar party
from about C.29.d.2.4. |
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| 7. Dress. |
| Service
dress – rifle and bayonet – steel helmet - boots
and puttees. Each man of the leading wave will have a 9"
square of white calico on his back; each "mopper up" a
9" square on his chest; each bomber of bombing squad
a white armlet; RE will wear two armlets. |
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| 8. Communications. |
From German trenches to Mill
Cotts by power buzzer to Listening set. A code of useful sentences
will be arranged for this. Alternatively by runner to first
relay post in our trenches thence by relay to Advanced Brigade
Headquarters. |
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| 9. Withdrawal. |
1st.
On the order to withdraw, all "moppers up" and
carriers will move of over to our own trenches following
that taped out lines. Our casualties
will be moved off first, and helped by moppers up.
2nd. The Lewis Guns in the German support line will take post
in the German front line.
3rd. Riflemen in German front line withdraw to our trenches.
4th. Bombing blocks and Riflemen in German support line withdraw
to German front line and simultaneously.
5th. All rifleman withdraw to our trenches with commander of
raiding party.
6th. Bombing blocks on our flanks and Lewis Guns in German
front line withdraw to our trenches.
7th. Mound party withdraws. Directly the last wave is over
no man’s land, four parties of two men each, will continue
four of the tapes showing routes of assembly to the German
front line, and remain on the parapet to guide parties coming
out. They will each have an axe to cut down the enemy trench
to provide an easy exit.
Signal for withdrawal.
Six rockets will be fired from Cambridge Trench as a signal
for withdrawal, at the same time the Commander of the party
will sound a bugle call at his post.
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| 10. Ammunition. |
SAA - 50 rounds per man.
Bombs - 2 per man - for moppers-up - each man of bombing squad
will carry 15 in carrier.
Rifle grenades - 3 per man for each man of bombing squad. 8
men of Platoons of second wave will carry up 15 each in buckets
and dump them at blocking parties. |
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| 11. Tools. |
Eight picks.
Wire cutters: 32 will be carried by the first wave. Men carrying
them will be marked by a white shoulder knot on a shoulder
strap. As many rifle wire cutters as possible will be provided.
Bridge ladder: Ten 6'0" ladders for crossing first line
trench to be carried by first wave.
Traversor mats: 10 to be carried by first wave. |
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| 12. Medical. |
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Casualties will be evacuated direct
to the 2 Regimental Aid Posts at Potijze Chateau and Right
Battalion Headquarters. There will be
(i) an advanced regimental aid post in the position of assembly
for first aid, but there is no dugout and it will have to be
in the open trench about I.5.a.9.5.8.5;
(ii) an advanced aid post at I.5.b.1.4 in the front line trench.
Routes of evacuation.
(i)
The Potijze road by wheeled and hand stretchers via New
Cotts and Mill Cotts (relay post) direct to Chateau.
(ii) Haymarket communication trench for walking cases only.
(iii) A flagged route over the open (if the front holds)
as far as Cambridge Trench (relay post) thence to Mill Cotts
thence to Chateau ADS. Advanced aid post I.5.b.1.4: 8 regimental stretcher bearers.
At relay post, Cambridge Trench: 8 ditto.
Advanced aid post I.5.a.9.5.8: 8 ditto.
Mills Cotts relay post: 16 RAMC. |
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| 13. Prisoners
and captured material. |
Prisoners. Prisoners will be evacuated
down the Potijze Road and Haymarket. An escort of 1 NCO and
3 men will be at the junction of these routes and the front
line trench. They will be taken to the RE Dump at Chateau and
handed over to regimental police there, who will bring them
direct to Advanced Brigade Headquarters.
Squad: 2 NCOs 6 men 16th Rifle Brigade, Regimental Provost
Sergeant and 6 Police, 16th Rifle Brigade.
Material will be dumped in the front line under a man of the
escort mentioned above, and left there until the conclusion
of operations.
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| Secret |
| Programme
for Z Day |
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| Trench
map |
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5:30pm. Tapes for assembly in
no man's land put out.
6:15pm. Concertinas removed from gaps in wire.
7:15pm. Hot drink and rum served out at Chateau.
7:30pm. Assembly in front line trenches by Haymarket communication
trenches begins.
7:45pm. Assembly in front line trenches by Potijze road begins.
8:25pm. Assembly in front line complete.
Zero minus two minutes. Assembly of first and second waves
in no man's land begins.
Zero
minus two minutes. Barrage 50 yards short of first line
trench begins.
Zero minus one minute. Artillery barrage begins to creep.
Zero. Leading waves enter German first line.
Zero plus one minute. Barrage remains one minute on support
line.
Zero plus two minutes. Leading waves enter support line.
Zero plus 45 minutes. Party withdraws.
Artillery barrage drops to German front line on the “All
Clear” been given.
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| 117th
Infantry Brigade |
| Report
on raid carried out on the Mound on night of 13/14th February,
1917 |
| |
In accordance
with orders the preliminary assembly in our trenches was
complete at 12 midnight. Tapes for the assembly in no man's
land, and guiding tapes through gaps in the wire had all
been laid out without any difficulty or trouble. The borrow-pit
in front of our trenches had been bridged and the passage
to the assembly tapes presented no difficulty.
At 12:15am many witnesses, both in the raiding party and
also in the neighbouring trench garrison, asserts that
20 or 30 of our shells were put on to the objective area.
This had the effect, as regards the right flanking party,
of making them think that the barrage had already started.
At 12:23am the
assembly in no man's land commenced and was carried out
in good order. The right party assembly
was complete in good time in no man's land, and they waited
for the barrage to begin. In the centre party the assembly
was complete three quarters of a minute before the barrage
began. On the left, the assembly and barrage seemed almost
to coincide; the length of time that they had to wait was
negligible. It is not clear why it took so much longer
on the left than it did on the right, but it did not lead
to confusion.
The right
party advanced to the attack, and the leading
wave got close up to the German wire. The Sergeant, who
was leading this wave, found that there was no gap immediately
opposite him. He immediately moved to his left where after
considerable difficulty he found a narrow gap not more
than a yard wide. At this point the officer, Lieutenant
Wilson, was wounded. A small party of about six men accompanied
the Sergeant, and he went through this gap into the German
trench, and established his bombing block luckily exactly
at the communication trench where he was supposed to place
it. The remainder of the party lost themselves in their
endeavours to find this gap and wandered down the wire.
They were however unable to get in. The party that did
get in found from 5 to 10 Germans, dead and wounded, in
at the front line trench almost at their point of entry,
which doubtless accounted for the ease with which they
got in, and another party of Germans retired in front of
them down a communication trench. The bombing party blocked
the trench, and threw all their bombs. Then the before
mentioned German party turned on their tracks and began
to bomb our party, driving them back. Having finished their
bombs, they were compelled to evacuate the trench. This
was probably about 14 minutes after they entered the German
trench.
The centre
party advanced to the Mound, and easily got
in. Lieutenant Robinson leading, as arranged, and one party
bombed down the sap towards the German front line. Lieutenant
Robinson, however, appears to have gone right handed over
the top, and got into the German front line somewhere about
the junction of the tramway. This caused the remainder
of the party to split up and more or less lose direction,
some even passing right handed of the wire surrounding
the Mound, and got into the German trench right of the
junction of the tramway. This party consisted of a Lance
Corporal and two men. Lieutenant Robinson endeavoured to
establish touch on his right and left, but failed to do
so, and on the rocket signal going up withdrew according
to the programme. While advancing to the German trench
they were subjected to heavy rifle fire, and immediately
on their withdrawal the Germans followed them up with bombs
- presumably these came from the left flank up the Mound
sap. Lieutenant Robinson was hit in the leg by a German
bomb and felt in to the German wire, but was assisted across
to our lines by a rifleman.
The left
party advanced straight to the German wire, and
when three quarters of the way across, the officer in charge
(Lieutenant Maclehose) was wounded, and subsequently died.
This caused considerable confusion in the party, most of
whom however, carried on. They arrived at the German wire,
but failed to find the gaps, with the exception of a Lewis
Gun team, consisting of four men, the other two having
been wounded, and the extreme left bombing post which now
consisted of four men also. They got on to the German parapet,
and bombed down the trench towards the left, and having
exhausted their bombs retired on the rocket signal going
up. The remainder of the left party failed to find any
gap, and never crossed the German wire. They were subjected
to considerable rifle fire, both from the front line Trench,
and some up allege from a second line trench.
The German artillery retaliation was moderately severe,
a large number of .77s being put onto no man's land, and
heavier calibres towards Cambridge Terrace, Mill Cotts
and New Cotts, where also a considerable number of minenwerfer
fell.
The sequence of calls for artillery support appears to
have been: Golden Rain rockets as SOS, which were sent
up with great persistence during the whole raid; Green
rockets were also sent up but did not appear to have any
effect except to cause a slight lengthening of range. We
also sent up German Green rockets in our own lines in the
hopes of mystifying the enemy: this, however, was not successful.
Towards the latter end of the raid from 1am Double Red
rockets were sent up by the Germans, the last one being
seen at 1:20am, by which time at the German artillery fire
had completely died down, and may have the significance
that further artillery support is not wanted.
There is no doubt that the German trenches were heavily
manned, and in accordance with plan had not been knocked
about to any extent. Rifle fire was heavy and continuous,
but there is no evidence of a machine gun having been used.
A large number of Very Lights were sent up the moment are
barrage opened. The counter barrage came down within three
minutes, and it is clear that the enemy were very much
on the alert.
The gaps cut in the German wire except at the point of
the Mound were difficult to find. It seems that on the
right the Germans had been able to put a considerable amount
of loose concertina to fill up what may have been a large
gap cut by our artillery. In front of the Mound it was
well cut, and lying about in large lumps, which of course
were an obstacle. The Mound and Mound Sap had been obliterated
by shellfire. No machine gun emplacement was found there
in and during the whole raid only two dugouts were encountered.
This, however, is not to say that they were not a larger
number, but it is due to the fact that no real entry in
any numbers was effected.
The German trench is reported to be 5 ft wide at top, in
excellent condition, reverted with the brushwood, and well
floored, about 5 ft deep.
The
Mound (centre) party accounted for 4 or 5 Germans, and
the right party claimed 5 or 6 more, besides those dead
and
wounded previously mentioned, evidently caused by our shellfire.
Our casualties were severe, and caused chiefly by rifle
fire whilst crossing no man's land. All four officers were
hit, one killed, and 44 other ranks are casualties. Up
to the present 41 of these have been accounted for. It
is believed that two men, who were shot dead at on the
wire on the right of the Mound, were not brought in. This
is not yet certain.
A success might have been obtained had the element of
surprise been present. The long drawn out wire cutting
on such a limited front, and heavy bombardment, have undoubtedly
put the enemy thoroughly on the alert. The problem of keeping
gaps open when once made, and at the same time conducting
reconnaissance is, remains to be solved. There is no doubt
that two or three hours' respite give the enemy, backed
by great zeal, the opportunity of mending up his wire.
No identifications were obtained.
14th February, 1917. Brigadier-General, commanding 117th
Infantry Brigade.
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The
above is an extract from the Battalion war diary which is held at
the National
Archive, in document WO95/2586.
Notes:
| 1
Named casualty: |
| Second
Lieutenant James MacLehose, 19, was wounded when leading the
left party, and died in a Casualty Clearing Station. Son of James and Mary MacLehose,
of The Old Parsonage, Lamington, Lanarkshire, he is buried in Brandhoek Military
Cemetery. |
| |
| 16
Deduced
casualties: |
| S/17556
Rifleman Herbert Carvell, 27. He
has no known grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate
Memorial to the Missing, Ypres. |
| S/18317
Rifleman Arthur David, 31. He has no known
grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing,
Ypres. |
| S/27402
Rifleman George Donovan. He has no known
grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing,
Ypres. |
| S/27314
Rifleman Harold Eggington, 19. He has no known
grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing,
Ypres. |
| S/18440
Rifleman William Flintham. He has no known
grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing,
Ypres. |
| S/14268
Rifleman Gordon Harris, 28. He has no known
grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing,
Ypres. |
| S/27902
Rifleman Albert Hemmings, 19. Formerly of the
Gloucestershire Regiment, he has no known grave and is commemorated
on the Menin Gate Memorial to
the Missing,
Ypres. |
| S/15171
Rifleman Daniel Jones, 20, died of wounds whilst
in enemy hands on 15 February 1917, and is buried in Roeselare
Communal
Cemetery. |
| S/27256
Rifleman Elias Neiman, 42. Formerly of the
King's Royal Rifle Corps, he is buried in Brandhoek Military
Cemetery. |
| P/789
Rifleman Joseph Prill, died of wounds on 13 February 1917. He
is buried in Brandhoek Military
Cemetery. |
| S/18287
Rifleman Charles Saunders, 26. He
is buried in Vlamertinghe Military
Cemetery. |
| S/27206
Rifleman Albert Stocker. Formerly of the
King's Royal Rifle Corps, he died of wounds whilst in enemy hands
on 18 February 1917, and is buried in Roeselare Communal
Cemetery. |
| S/27860
Rifleman Albert Watts, 26. He has no known
grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing,
Ypres. |
| S/27884
Rifleman George Smith, 34, died of wounds received
during the raid, on 15 February 1917. He
is buried in Lijssenthoek Military
Cemetery. |
| P/4241
Rifleman George Thomas, died of wounds received
during the raid, on 15 February 1917. He
is buried in Lijssenthoek Military
Cemetery. |
| S/17609
Rifleman John Warren, died of wounds received
during the raid, on 15 February 1917. He is buried in Lijssenthoek
Military
Cemetery. |
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| Named
officers and men who became casualties later in the war: |
Second
Lieutenant (Acting Captain) Harry Robinson,
26, was killed in action on 26 March 1918. Son of Edward Kay
Robinson and Florence Theresa Robinson, of "Warham",
Hampton Wick, Middlesex. Educated at Holt School, Norfolk.
Came from Malaya to join up. He has no known grave and is commemorated
on the Pozieres Memorial to the Missing. |
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| The
unnamed Sergeant who led the right party through the wire: |
This
is believed to be 1857 Sgt Frederick Peters, who was awarded
the Military Medal soon after the raid. He had previously served
with both 3rd and 4th Battalions of the regiment, and had been
wounded twice. Peters died of natural causes in England in June
1917. |
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