The Long, Long Trail
 


16th (Service) Battalion, the Rifle Brigade

War diary 13/14th February 1917 covering a raid carried out by the battalion near Potijze in the Ypres salient

This is the story of a costly failed trench raid. Planned in meticulous detail, it was foiled by a combination of battlefield confusion, inability to communicate, enemy wire that was not as cut as it should have been (and in places had been hurriedly repaired), and unexpectedly strong German resistance. It was designed to destroy the enemy position at the "Mound", a strong point in the forward line overlooking the British front line.
 
The area where this raid took place lies along the Ypres - Potijze - Zonnebeke - Moorslede road, near the hamlet of Verlorenhoek. The French military cemetery of St Charles de Potijze lies on the site of New Cotts, seen to the left of the blue box marking the area discussed below.
Secret
Scheme for raid on the Mound
 
Sketch map
 
1. Distribution of raiding force.
See diagrams A and B. (Unfortunately now lost: there were three parties, to left, centre and right).
 
2. Assembly.
See diagrams B and C.

Positions of assembly will be marked by black or white tapes for first, second and third lines. The first tape will be raised on pickets about four inches from the ground, the second and third hair- pinned down to the ground.

Tapes will be put out at 6pm on Z Day. Party: 2 officers, 2 NCOs, and 4 men. On the previous night the right, centre and left of the leading waves will be marked by 3’0” pickets laid on the ground.

Eleven gaps 12'0" wide will be cut in our wire, and marked by boards inside our parapet. These will be prepared at on Y/Z nights, and closed at the outer end with concertinas. At each gap a 12'0" sandbag ramp will be constructed to admit of egress. These will be built on Y day, and sandbags put ready filled on previous days.

From each gap a tape will be laid up to the first line assembly position on Z night. On Y/Z nights any ditches that have to be crossed will be duckboarded and camouflaged with earth in at least six places to every 50 yards of length.

 
3. Patrols.
No man's land will be reconnitred on nights of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th February.
 
4. Action of machine-guns.
The area shown in sketch will be beaten with machine-gun fire from zero till withdrawal is complete. The signal to ceasefire will be the cessation of the artillery barrage on German front line.

Group 1 - 4 guns - Railway I.17.a.2.9.5. Targets: Ibex Support, Iberia Reserve.
Group 2 - 4 guns - St. James Trench. Targets: Ibex Lane and Ibex Support.
Group 3 - 4 guns - Congreve Walk. Targets: Cameroon Trench, Support and Avenue.
Group 4 -3 guns - Garden Street. Targets: Cameroon Trench, Support and Reserve, and Iberia Avenue.

 
5. Action of light trench mortars.
Object of the battery is to support infantry raiding party by providing heavy barrage on both flanks. With this object in view eight Stokes mortars will be deployed, four on either flank. Dispositions as follows.

2 mortars – C.29.1, C.29.2;
2 mortars – C.29.3.5;
2 mortars – I.5.4;
2 mortars – I.5.2.

The placing of the mortars in pairs will facilitate handling.

Objectives of each Mortar are as follows:

No 1 – I.6.c.0.9 to I.6.c.2.7.5
No 2 – I.6.c.2.9.75 to I.6.c.3.7
No 3 – I.6.a.0.5.2.25 to I.6.c.2.9
No 4 – I.5.b.9.2 to I.5.d.9.75.8
No 5 – C.29.d.7.2 to C.29.d.6.4.5
No 6 – C.29.d.6.4.5. to C.29.d.4.7
No 7 – C.29.d.4.1 to C.29.d.4.3.75
No 8 – C.29.d.4.3.75 to C.29.d.4.7

Rate of fire. The mortars will fore for 65 minutes and a steady rate will be maintained throughout. These ought to act as a guide to the raiding party. Four rounds per a gun per minute = 2080 or 260 rounds per gun.

Emplacements. On the left the disused firebays will be utilised. On the right there is an absence of any suitable cover, and sandbagged emplacements will have to be constructed to protect guns, teams, and ammunition.

 
6. Flank protection.
OC, 16th Notts and Derby Regiment, will detail one platoon with Lewis Gun to cover the right flank. Two groups will be pushed out to the saps at I.5.b.5.5.1 and I.5.b.4.5.2.5. Brigadier-General, commanding 118th Infantry Brigade, will be asked to cover left flank with a similar party from about C.29.d.2.4.
 
7. Dress.
Service dress – rifle and bayonet – steel helmet - boots and puttees. Each man of the leading wave will have a 9" square of white calico on his back; each "mopper up" a 9" square on his chest; each bomber of bombing squad a white armlet; RE will wear two armlets.
 
8. Communications.
From German trenches to Mill Cotts by power buzzer to Listening set. A code of useful sentences will be arranged for this. Alternatively by runner to first relay post in our trenches thence by relay to Advanced Brigade Headquarters.
 
9. Withdrawal.
1st. On the order to withdraw, all "moppers up" and carriers will move of over to our own trenches following that taped out lines. Our casualties will be moved off first, and helped by moppers up.
2nd. The Lewis Guns in the German support line will take post in the German front line.
3rd. Riflemen in German front line withdraw to our trenches.
4th. Bombing blocks and Riflemen in German support line withdraw to German front line and simultaneously.
5th. All rifleman withdraw to our trenches with commander of raiding party.
6th. Bombing blocks on our flanks and Lewis Guns in German front line withdraw to our trenches.
7th. Mound party withdraws. Directly the last wave is over no man’s land, four parties of two men each, will continue four of the tapes showing routes of assembly to the German front line, and remain on the parapet to guide parties coming out. They will each have an axe to cut down the enemy trench to provide an easy exit.

Signal for withdrawal.
Six rockets will be fired from Cambridge Trench as a signal for withdrawal, at the same time the Commander of the party will sound a bugle call at his post.

 
10. Ammunition.
SAA - 50 rounds per man.
Bombs - 2 per man - for moppers-up - each man of bombing squad will carry 15 in carrier.
Rifle grenades - 3 per man for each man of bombing squad. 8 men of Platoons of second wave will carry up 15 each in buckets and dump them at blocking parties.
 
11. Tools.
Eight picks.
Wire cutters: 32 will be carried by the first wave. Men carrying them will be marked by a white shoulder knot on a shoulder strap. As many rifle wire cutters as possible will be provided.
Bridge ladder: Ten 6'0" ladders for crossing first line trench to be carried by first wave.
Traversor mats: 10 to be carried by first wave.
 
12. Medical.
Casualties will be evacuated direct to the 2 Regimental Aid Posts at Potijze Chateau and Right Battalion Headquarters. There will be
(i) an advanced regimental aid post in the position of assembly for first aid, but there is no dugout and it will have to be in the open trench about I.5.a.9.5.8.5;
(ii) an advanced aid post at I.5.b.1.4 in the front line trench.

Routes of evacuation.

(i) The Potijze road by wheeled and hand stretchers via New Cotts and Mill Cotts (relay post) direct to Chateau.
(ii) Haymarket communication trench for walking cases only.
(iii) A flagged route over the open (if the front holds) as far as Cambridge Trench (relay post) thence to Mill Cotts thence to Chateau ADS.

Advanced aid post I.5.b.1.4: 8 regimental stretcher bearers.
At relay post, Cambridge Trench: 8 ditto.
Advanced aid post I.5.a.9.5.8: 8 ditto.
Mills Cotts relay post: 16 RAMC.

 
13. Prisoners and captured material.
Prisoners. Prisoners will be evacuated down the Potijze Road and Haymarket. An escort of 1 NCO and 3 men will be at the junction of these routes and the front line trench. They will be taken to the RE Dump at Chateau and handed over to regimental police there, who will bring them direct to Advanced Brigade Headquarters.
Squad: 2 NCOs 6 men 16th Rifle Brigade, Regimental Provost Sergeant and 6 Police, 16th Rifle Brigade.
Material will be dumped in the front line under a man of the escort mentioned above, and left there until the conclusion of operations.

 

Secret
Programme for Z Day
 
Trench map
 

5:30pm. Tapes for assembly in no man's land put out.
6:15pm. Concertinas removed from gaps in wire.
7:15pm. Hot drink and rum served out at Chateau.
7:30pm. Assembly in front line trenches by Haymarket communication trenches begins.
7:45pm. Assembly in front line trenches by Potijze road begins.
8:25pm. Assembly in front line complete.
Zero minus two minutes. Assembly of first and second waves in no man's land begins.

Zero minus two minutes. Barrage 50 yards short of first line trench begins.
Zero minus one minute. Artillery barrage begins to creep.
Zero. Leading waves enter German first line.
Zero plus one minute. Barrage remains one minute on support line.
Zero plus two minutes. Leading waves enter support line.
Zero plus 45 minutes. Party withdraws.
Artillery barrage drops to German front line on the “All Clear” been given.

 

117th Infantry Brigade
Report on raid carried out on the Mound on night of 13/14th February, 1917
 

In accordance with orders the preliminary assembly in our trenches was complete at 12 midnight. Tapes for the assembly in no man's land, and guiding tapes through gaps in the wire had all been laid out without any difficulty or trouble. The borrow-pit in front of our trenches had been bridged and the passage to the assembly tapes presented no difficulty.

At 12:15am many witnesses, both in the raiding party and also in the neighbouring trench garrison, asserts that 20 or 30 of our shells were put on to the objective area. This had the effect, as regards the right flanking party, of making them think that the barrage had already started.

At 12:23am the assembly in no man's land commenced and was carried out in good order. The right party assembly was complete in good time in no man's land, and they waited for the barrage to begin. In the centre party the assembly was complete three quarters of a minute before the barrage began. On the left, the assembly and barrage seemed almost to coincide; the length of time that they had to wait was negligible. It is not clear why it took so much longer on the left than it did on the right, but it did not lead to confusion.

The right party advanced to the attack, and the leading wave got close up to the German wire. The Sergeant, who was leading this wave, found that there was no gap immediately opposite him. He immediately moved to his left where after considerable difficulty he found a narrow gap not more than a yard wide. At this point the officer, Lieutenant Wilson, was wounded. A small party of about six men accompanied the Sergeant, and he went through this gap into the German trench, and established his bombing block luckily exactly at the communication trench where he was supposed to place it. The remainder of the party lost themselves in their endeavours to find this gap and wandered down the wire. They were however unable to get in. The party that did get in found from 5 to 10 Germans, dead and wounded, in at the front line trench almost at their point of entry, which doubtless accounted for the ease with which they got in, and another party of Germans retired in front of them down a communication trench. The bombing party blocked the trench, and threw all their bombs. Then the before mentioned German party turned on their tracks and began to bomb our party, driving them back. Having finished their bombs, they were compelled to evacuate the trench. This was probably about 14 minutes after they entered the German trench.

The centre party advanced to the Mound, and easily got in. Lieutenant Robinson leading, as arranged, and one party bombed down the sap towards the German front line. Lieutenant Robinson, however, appears to have gone right handed over the top, and got into the German front line somewhere about the junction of the tramway. This caused the remainder of the party to split up and more or less lose direction, some even passing right handed of the wire surrounding the Mound, and got into the German trench right of the junction of the tramway. This party consisted of a Lance Corporal and two men. Lieutenant Robinson endeavoured to establish touch on his right and left, but failed to do so, and on the rocket signal going up withdrew according to the programme. While advancing to the German trench they were subjected to heavy rifle fire, and immediately on their withdrawal the Germans followed them up with bombs - presumably these came from the left flank up the Mound sap. Lieutenant Robinson was hit in the leg by a German bomb and felt in to the German wire, but was assisted across to our lines by a rifleman.

The left party advanced straight to the German wire, and when three quarters of the way across, the officer in charge (Lieutenant Maclehose) was wounded, and subsequently died. This caused considerable confusion in the party, most of whom however, carried on. They arrived at the German wire, but failed to find the gaps, with the exception of a Lewis Gun team, consisting of four men, the other two having been wounded, and the extreme left bombing post which now consisted of four men also. They got on to the German parapet, and bombed down the trench towards the left, and having exhausted their bombs retired on the rocket signal going up. The remainder of the left party failed to find any gap, and never crossed the German wire. They were subjected to considerable rifle fire, both from the front line Trench, and some up allege from a second line trench.

The German artillery retaliation was moderately severe, a large number of .77s being put onto no man's land, and heavier calibres towards Cambridge Terrace, Mill Cotts and New Cotts, where also a considerable number of minenwerfer fell.

The sequence of calls for artillery support appears to have been: Golden Rain rockets as SOS, which were sent up with great persistence during the whole raid; Green rockets were also sent up but did not appear to have any effect except to cause a slight lengthening of range. We also sent up German Green rockets in our own lines in the hopes of mystifying the enemy: this, however, was not successful. Towards the latter end of the raid from 1am Double Red rockets were sent up by the Germans, the last one being seen at 1:20am, by which time at the German artillery fire had completely died down, and may have the significance that further artillery support is not wanted.

There is no doubt that the German trenches were heavily manned, and in accordance with plan had not been knocked about to any extent. Rifle fire was heavy and continuous, but there is no evidence of a machine gun having been used. A large number of Very Lights were sent up the moment are barrage opened. The counter barrage came down within three minutes, and it is clear that the enemy were very much on the alert.

The gaps cut in the German wire except at the point of the Mound were difficult to find. It seems that on the right the Germans had been able to put a considerable amount of loose concertina to fill up what may have been a large gap cut by our artillery. In front of the Mound it was well cut, and lying about in large lumps, which of course were an obstacle. The Mound and Mound Sap had been obliterated by shellfire. No machine gun emplacement was found there in and during the whole raid only two dugouts were encountered. This, however, is not to say that they were not a larger number, but it is due to the fact that no real entry in any numbers was effected.
The German trench is reported to be 5 ft wide at top, in excellent condition, reverted with the brushwood, and well floored, about 5 ft deep.

The Mound (centre) party accounted for 4 or 5 Germans, and the right party claimed 5 or 6 more, besides those dead and wounded previously mentioned, evidently caused by our shellfire.

Our casualties were severe, and caused chiefly by rifle fire whilst crossing no man's land. All four officers were hit, one killed, and 44 other ranks are casualties. Up to the present 41 of these have been accounted for. It is believed that two men, who were shot dead at on the wire on the right of the Mound, were not brought in. This is not yet certain.

A success might have been obtained had the element of surprise been present. The long drawn out wire cutting on such a limited front, and heavy bombardment, have undoubtedly put the enemy thoroughly on the alert. The problem of keeping gaps open when once made, and at the same time conducting reconnaissance is, remains to be solved. There is no doubt that two or three hours' respite give the enemy, backed by great zeal, the opportunity of mending up his wire.
No identifications were obtained.

14th February, 1917. Brigadier-General, commanding 117th Infantry Brigade.

 

The above is an extract from the Battalion war diary which is held at the National Archive, in document WO95/2586.

Notes:

1 Named casualty:
Second Lieutenant James MacLehose, 19, was wounded when leading the left party, and died in a Casualty Clearing Station. Son of James and Mary MacLehose, of The Old Parsonage, Lamington, Lanarkshire, he is buried in Brandhoek Military Cemetery.
 
16 Deduced casualties:
S/17556 Rifleman Herbert Carvell, 27. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing, Ypres.
S/18317 Rifleman Arthur David, 31. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing, Ypres.
S/27402 Rifleman George Donovan. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing, Ypres.
S/27314 Rifleman Harold Eggington, 19. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing, Ypres.
S/18440 Rifleman William Flintham. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing, Ypres.
S/14268 Rifleman Gordon Harris, 28. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing, Ypres.
S/27902 Rifleman Albert Hemmings, 19. Formerly of the Gloucestershire Regiment, he has no known grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing, Ypres.
S/15171 Rifleman Daniel Jones, 20, died of wounds whilst in enemy hands on 15 February 1917, and is buried in Roeselare Communal Cemetery.
S/27256 Rifleman Elias Neiman, 42. Formerly of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, he is buried in Brandhoek Military Cemetery.
P/789 Rifleman Joseph Prill, died of wounds on 13 February 1917. He is buried in Brandhoek Military Cemetery.
S/18287 Rifleman Charles Saunders, 26. He is buried in Vlamertinghe Military Cemetery.
S/27206 Rifleman Albert Stocker. Formerly of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, he died of wounds whilst in enemy hands on 18 February 1917, and is buried in Roeselare Communal Cemetery.
S/27860 Rifleman Albert Watts, 26. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing, Ypres.
S/27884 Rifleman George Smith, 34, died of wounds received during the raid, on 15 February 1917. He is buried in Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery.
P/4241 Rifleman George Thomas, died of wounds received during the raid, on 15 February 1917. He is buried in Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery.
S/17609 Rifleman John Warren, died of wounds received during the raid, on 15 February 1917. He is buried in Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery.
 
Named officers and men who became casualties later in the war:
Second Lieutenant (Acting Captain) Harry Robinson, 26, was killed in action on 26 March 1918. Son of Edward Kay Robinson and Florence Theresa Robinson, of "Warham", Hampton Wick, Middlesex. Educated at Holt School, Norfolk. Came from Malaya to join up. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Pozieres Memorial to the Missing.
 
The unnamed Sergeant who led the right party through the wire:
This is believed to be 1857 Sgt Frederick Peters, who was awarded the Military Medal soon after the raid. He had previously served with both 3rd and 4th Battalions of the regiment, and had been wounded twice. Peters died of natural causes in England in June 1917.

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